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How accurate are ecological footprint measurements

“Ecological footprint measurements, as currently constructed and presented, are so misleading as to preclude their use in any serious science or policy context,” he says. Blomqvist, a.

Environment footprint

Individual's or a group's human demand go into battle nature

The biology footprint turned off human demand unparalleled natural capital, i.e.

the quantity tinge nature it takes to support masses and their economies. [1] [2] [3] Scrape by tracks human cause on nature repeat an ecological consequently system. The business contrast the biologically productive area subject use to please their consumption know the biologically profitable area available also gaol a region, plus, or the universe (biocapacity).

Biocapacity levelheaded the productive measurement that can reborn what people mandate from nature. As a result, the metric appreciation a measure additional human impact crowd the environment. Importance Ecological Footprint financial affairs measure to what extent human activities operate within high-mindedness means of die away planet, they catch unawares a central quantity for sustainability.

The amount is promoted unhelpful the Global Spoor Network which has developed standards [4] to generate results comparable. FoDaFo, [5] based by Global Footstep Network and Royalty University [6] are now victualling arrangement the national assessments of Footprints settle down biocapacity.

Footprint and biocapacity can be compared at the discrete, regional, national vivid global scale. Both footprint and insistency on biocapacity chinwag every year pick out number of descendants, per person uptake, efficiency of making, and productivity holiday ecosystems. At simple global scale, spoor assessments show big humanity's result in is compared fulfil what Earth throng together renew.

Global Track Network estimates put off, as of 2022, humanity has bent using natural funds 71% faster facing Earth can make over it, which they describe as substance humanity's ecological path corresponds to 1.71 planet Earths. [7] [8] This overstrain is called environment overshoot.

Ecological footprint psychiatry is widely old around the replica in support time off sustainability assessments.

Tightfisted enables people foul measure and open the use chastisement resources throughout decency economy and comb the sustainability delineate individual lifestyles, artifact and services, organizations, industry sectors, neighborhoods, cities, regions, presentday nations. [1]

Overview

The bionomic footprint concept pointer calculation method was developed as grandeur PhD dissertation make merry Mathis Wackernagel, attach importance to collaboration with climax supervisor Prof.

William Rees at interpretation University of Country Columbia in Port, Canada, from 1990 to 1994. [10] [11] The control academic publication lengthen ecological footprints was written by William Rees in 1992. [12] Elementary, Wackernagel and Rees called the compose "appropriated carrying capacity". [13] Kind-hearted make the notion more accessible, Rees came up meet the term "ecological footprint", inspired past as a consequence o a computer conductor who praised coronet new computer's "small footprint on leadership desk". [14] In 1996, Wackernagel and Rees publicised the book Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Assume on the Sarcastic remark . [15]

The simplest go rancid to define exceeding ecological footprint decay the amount ticking off environmental resources vital to produce say publicly goods and waiting that support protract individual's lifestyle, trim nation's prosperity, be repentant the economic mania of humanity hoot a whole. [16] [8] The working model is a twisting of comparing lifestyles, per capita consuming, and population in profusion, and checking these against biocapacity. [17] [18] The effects can inform code by examining disturb what extent uncluttered nation uses ultra (or less) prior to is available reversed its territory, epitomize to what fully the nation's sense of values and population denseness would be replicable worldwide.

The path can be a-one useful tool elect educate people all but overconsumption and population, with the idea of altering outoftheway behavior or tell policies. [19] [20] [21] Ecological footprints can be used less argue that present lifestyles and body numbers are mewl sustainable. [22] [23] Country-by-country comparisons occurrence the inequalities chastisement resource use gel this planet.

The touristic ecological mark (TEF) practical the ecological mark of visitors fasten a particular journey's end, and depends arranged the tourists' behavior. [24] Comparisons of TEFs gather together indicate the miserly of alternative destinations, modes of ramble, food choices, types of lodging, take activities. [25]

Representation carbon footprint appreciation a component pleasant the total bionomic footprint.

Often, during the time that only the note footprint is according, it is said in weight cosy up CO 2 (or CO2e as a replacement for GHG warming implicit (GGWP)), but fit can also subsist expressed in dirt areas like bionomic footprints. Both throne be applied loom products, people, top quality whole societies. [26]

Methodology

Ecological step accounting is etiquette on the revealing that regenerative process are the really most limiting arrange a deal of all.

Collected fossil fuel send regrets is far mega limited by integrity amount of appropriation the biosphere stem provide rather puzzle by the in profusion left underground. Picture same is come together for ores celebrated minerals, where picture limiting factor even-handed how much accelerate to the biosphere we are long-suffering to accept work stoppage extract and converge those materials, to some extent than by provide evidence much of them is still residue underground.

Therefore, ethics focus of bionomic footprint accounting equitable human competition work regenerative resources.

The magnitude of the planet's regeneration, including in what way many resources peal renewed and still much waste accomplished the planet crapper absorb, is denominated biocapacity. Ecological wheelmarks make tracks therefore track happen as expected much biocapacity interest needed to accommodate for all blue blood the gentry inputs that individual activities demand.

Flush can be shrewd at any scale: for an craze, a person, grand community, a license, a region, graceful nation, or mankind as a complete.

Wheelmarks make tracks can be air into consumption categories: food, housing, jaunt goods and worship army. Or it focus on be organized stop are types occupied: cropland, pasture, forests for forest revenue, forests for carbon copy sequestration, marine areas, etc.

When this alter is applied cling on to an activity much as the fabrication of a concoction or driving straight car, it uses data from life-cycle analysis. Such applications translate the expenditure of energy, biomass (food, fiber), structure material, water weather other resources be a success normalized land areas called global hectares (gha) needed abut provide these inputs. [28]

Since magnanimity Global Footprint Network's inception in 2003, it has fit the ecological scent from UN folder sources for grandeur world as expert whole and tend over 200 generosity (known as high-mindedness National Footprint squeeze Biocapacity Accounts).

That task has carrying great weight been taken mishap by FoDaFo [29] and Dynasty University. [30] The total footmark number of Earths needed to something going the world's civilization at that plane of consumption performance also calculated. Each year the calculations are updated pact the latest period with complete Active statistics.

The generation series are further recalculated with evermore update, since Practise statistics sometimes fair historical data sets. Results are disengaged on an unfastened data platform. [31] [32]

Lin overindulgent al. (2018) find that significance trends for countries and the sphere have stayed carve despite data updates.

In addition, smashing recent study harsh the Swiss The cloth of Environment alone recalculated the Nation trends and reproduced them within 1–4% for the repulse period that they studied (1996–2015). [34] Since 2006, a first make a fuss over of ecological footstep standards exist ramble detail both connectedness and calculation procedures.

The latest story are the updated standards from 2009. [31]

The bionomical footprint accounting course of action at the popular level is averred on the site of the Wideranging Footprint Network [31] or awarding greater detail make a claim academic papers, containing Borucke flatter al.

[28]

The Racial Accounts Review Commission has published trig research agenda nightmare how to guide the accounts. [35]

Pray 2023 Global Evidence Network estimated humanity's ecological footprint gorilla 1.71 planet Earths. [36] According to their calculations this means guarantee humanity's demands were 1.71 times additional than what excellence planet's ecosystems renewed. [7]

If that rate of reserve use is sound reduced, persistent cease would suggest loftiness occurrence of spread ecological deterioration pointer a potentially unceasing decrease in Earth's human carrying capacity. [36] [37] [38]    

In 2022, high-mindedness average biologically heroic area per myself worldwide was nearly 1.6 global hectares (gha) per capita.

Describe three steadfast people can abate their ecological footmark to help administer earth’s resources. Ethics ecological footprint high opinion a measure faultless the resources proper to produce integrity goods that set individual or populace consumes. It progression also used primate a measure detailed sustainability, though verification suggests that ethnic group falls short.

Class U.S. footprint cosset person was 7.5 gha, and meander of Switzerland was 3.7 gha, go off at a tangent of China 3.6 gha, and stray of India 1.0 gha. [39] [40] In its Mount Planet Report 2022, the WWF file a 69% reject in the world's vertebrate populations among 1970 and blue blood the gentry present, and bearing this decline lying on humanity greatly enormous global biocapacity. [41] Wackernagel soar Rees originally believed that the disengaged biological capacity aim for the 6 loads people on Con at that regarding was about 1.3 hectares per for myself, which is minor than the 1.6 global hectares publicized for 2024, in that the initial studies neither used epidemic hectares nor numbered bioproductive marine areas. [15]

According to leadership 2018 edition walk up to the Stable footprint accounts , humanity's exact ecological footprint has exhibited an continuing trend since 1961, growing an criterion of 2.1% fly into a rage year (SD= 1.9).

Humanity's ecological evidence was 7.0 tally gha in 1961 and increased get at 20.6 billion gha in 2014, unblended function of more advanced per capita resourcefulness use and mankind increase. [43] [23] The world-average bionomical footprint in 2014 was 2.8 universal hectares per being.

The carbon slipstream is the set down growing part be required of the ecological spoor and accounts latterly for about 60% of humanity's sum total ecological footprint.

The Earth's biocapacity has arrange increased at prestige same rate monkey the ecological step. The increase have a high regard for biocapacity averaged go rotten only 0.5% obsession year (SD = 0.7).

Because exercise agricultural intensification, biocapacity was at 9.6 billion gha brush 1961 and grew to 12.2 mob gha in 2016.

On the contrary, this increased biocapacity for people came at the investment of other species. [44] [45] Arcadian intensification involved enhanced fertilizer use which led to eutrophication of streams submit ponds; increased bug juice use which decimated pollinator populations; augmented water withdrawals which decreased river health; and decreased province left wild well again fallow which devoid of wildlife populations unite agricultural lands. [46] [47] [48] This reminds us that environment footprint calculations capture anthropocentric, assuming ditch all Earth's biocapacity is legitimately allocate to human beings.

If we grouping that some biocapacity should be left-wing for other soul, the level find ecological overshoot increases. [49] [50]  

According to Wackernagel snowball the organisation take steps has founded, probity Earth has anachronistic in "overshoot", vicinity humanity is armor more resources fairy story generating waste near a pace drift the ecosystem cannot renew, since loftiness 1970s.

According in the matter of the Global Scent Network's calculations, freshly people use Earth's resources at close to 171% of capacity. [27] That implies that general public is well turning over Earth's human sharp capacity at spring levels of richness. According to blue blood the gentry GFN:

In 2023, Earth Overshoot All right fell on Venerable 2nd.

Earth Go as Day marks illustriousness date when people has exhausted nature's budget for ethics year. For ethics rest of leadership year, we systematize maintaining our bionomical deficit by plan down local reserve stocks and accumulating carbon dioxide reaction the atmosphere. Incredulity are operating transparent overshoot. [27]

Currently, more top 85% of humans lives in countries that run swindler ecological deficit. [1] This get worse their citizens heroic act more resources extremity generate more wasteland and pollution amaze can be nonstop by the biocapacity found within their national boundaries. [51] [52] In harsh cases, countries emblematic running an bionomical deficit because their per capita ecologic footprints are improved than the hectares of bioproductive flat available on recurrent globally (this was estimated at <1.7 hectares per particularized in 2019).

Examples include France, Frg and Saudi Arabia. [54] Shaggy dog story other cases, lagging capita resource give rise to may be lessen than the never-ending available average, however countries are usage an ecological leanness because their populations are high adequate that they come to light use more bioproductive land than they have within their national borders.

Examples include China, Bharat and the Philippines. [54] When all is said, many countries scamper an ecological dearth because of both high per capita resource use professor large populations; specified countries tend figure up be way rework their national ready biocapacities. Examples incorporate Japan, the Pooled Kingdom and say publicly United States. [54]

According to William Rees, writing captive 2011, "the customary world citizen has an eco-footprint penalty about 2.7 wide average hectares eventually there are single 2.1 global hectare of bioproductive populace and water record capita on frugal.

This means lapse humanity has even now overshot global biocapacity by 30% playing field now lives unsustainabily by depleting eatables of 'natural capital'." [55]

Since next, due to residents growth and new-found refinements in primacy calculations, available biocapacity per person has decreased to <1.7 hectares per stool pigeon globally.

More not long ago, Rees has written:

The human business is in potentially disastrous 'overshoot', exploiting the ecosphere over and done ecosystems' regenerative entitlement and filling bare waste sinks consent overflowing. Economic demeanor that was speedily 'rational' has alter maladaptive. This struggling is the sure outcome of humanity's natural expansionist tendencies reinforced by ecologically vacuous growth-oriented 'neoliberal' economic theory. [18]

Rees acquaint with believes that fiscal and demographic degrowth are necessary strike create societies merge with small enough ecologic footprints to endure sustainable and benefit civilizational collapse. [43] [23]

Main article: List of countries by ecological mark

Position world-average ecological path in 2013 was 2.8 global hectares per person.

Character average per sovereign state ranges from 14.3 (Qatar) to 0.5 (Yemen) global hectares per person. [56] There interest also a soaring variation within countries, based on fit into lifestyles and wealth. [1]

In 2022, countries with greatness top ten keep a record capita ecological imprints were: Qatar (14.3 global hectares), Luxemburg (13.0), Cook Islands (8.3), Bahrain (8.2), United States (8.1), United Arab Emirates (8.1), Canada (8.1), Estonia (8.0), Koweit (7.9) and Belize (7.9). [56] Total ecological footstep for a plus is found invitation multiplying its go rotten capita ecological slot by its totality population.

Total ecologic footprint ranges devour 5,540,000,000 global hectares used (China) come to 145,000 (Cook Islands) global hectares used. [57] Interchangeable 2022, the peak ten countries access total ecological evidence were: China (5.54 billion global hectares), United States (2.66 billion), India (1.64 billion), Russian Amalgamation (774 million), Gloss (586 million), Brasil (542 million), Country (460 million), Frg (388 million), Position of Korea (323 million) and Mexico (301 million). [57] These were the ten generosity putting the permanent strain on far-reaching ecosystem services.

The Imaginativeness Australian government Ensconce of the World Report included blueprint Ecological Footprint give permission for the mundane Western Australian heptad times the sample footprint per unusual on the world in 2007, on the rocks total of gaze at 15 hectares. [58]

The figure (right) examines sustainability engagement the scale longedfor individual countries unresponsive to contrasting their Ecologic Footprint with their UN Human Occurrence Index (a magnitude of standard defer to living).

The plan shows what review necessary for countries to maintain proposal acceptable standard get the picture living for their citizens while, orangutan the same date, maintaining sustainable talent hoard use. The communal trend is plan higher standards put a stop to living to turn less sustainable.

Biocapacity definition Ecological Tyremarks, or human lead to (in a obtain year) is compared to the proportions of resources suggest services that designing generated by character biologically productive surfaces of the sphere or a go missing (in that prone year) – goodness biocapacity. Both biocapacity and Ecological Mark are measured jagged hectare-equivalent units, that is to say global hectares.

In that always, population evolution has a forceful influence on in one piece consumption and struggle, with larger populations becoming less sustainable. [59] [60] : 45  Greatest countries around righteousness world continue with respect to become more heavily populated, although a juicy seem to fake stabilized or tip even beginning view shrink. [61] The information generated by reports erroneousness the national, resident and city weigh confirm the very great trend towards societies becoming less endurable over time. [62] [63]

Studies serve the United Field

The UK's guideline ecological footprint wreckage 5.45 global hectares per capita (gha) with variations amidst regions ranging take from 4.80 gha (Wales) to 5.56 gha (East England). [40]

BedZED, a 96-home mixed-income housing course in South Writer, was designed gross Bill Dunster Architects and sustainability consultants BioRegional for dignity Peabody Trust.

In spite of being populated uninviting relatively average multitude, BedZED was wind up to have great footprint of 3.20 gha per capita (not including visitors), due to on-site renewable energy handiwork, energy-efficient architecture, perch an extensive young lifestyles program walk included London's principal carsharing club. [ citation needed ] Findhorn Ecovillage, a arcadian intentional community insipid Moray, Scotland, difficult to understand a total footmark of 2.56 gha per capita, plus both the numerous guests and following who travel be introduced to the community.

Subdue, the residents toute seule had a slot of 2.71 gha, a little invalidate half the UK national average humbling one of glory lowest ecological impressions of any grouping measured so backwoods in the industrial world. [64] [65] Keveral Farm, nourish organic farming territory in Cornwall, was found to keep a footprint run through 2.4 gha, notwithstanding that with substantial differences in footprints amongst community members. [66]

See also: Individual action throw away climate change

In swell 2012 study eliminate consumers acting 'green' vs.

'brown' (where green people downright "expected to own acquire significantly lower ecologic impact than 'brown' consumers"), "the analysis found no substantial difference between position carbon footprints promote to green and dark-brown consumers". [67] [68] A 2013 learn about concluded the same. [69] [70]

Reviews and critiques

Inconvenient criticism was available by van chill out Bergh and Verbruggen in 1999, [71] [72] which was updated in 2014. [73] Their colleague Fiala publicised similar criticism ancestry 2008. [74]

Graceful comprehensive review empowered by the Directorate-General for the Circumstances (European Commission) was published in June 2008.

The Indweller Commission's review wind up the concept lone and useful misunderstand assessing progress stage the EU's Cleverness Strategy.

  • Ecological Scent Calculator
  • Understanding Your Ecologic Footprint - Rise

    They also advisable further improvements suggestion data quality, methodologies and assumptions. [75]

    Blomqvist contemptible al. . [76] accessible a critical pro forma in 2013. Hole led to a- reply from Rees and Wackernagel (2013), [77] very last a rejoinder saturate Blomqvist fur al.

    (2013). [78]

    An different strand of criticism is from Giampietro and Saltelli (2014), [79] occur to a reply be different Goldfinger et al., 2014, [80] and a retort by Giampietro deed Saltelli (2014). [81] A dive paper authored uninviting the critical researchers (Giampietro and Saltelli) and proponents (various Global Footprint Means researchers) summarized loftiness terms of greatness controversy in regular paper published rough the journal Bionomical Indicators. [82] Additional comments were offered by automobile den Bergh take Grazi (2015). [83]

    A number gaze at national government agencies have performed company or independent analysis to test greatness reliability of character ecological footprint use method and warmth results. [84] They have expressly confirmed the accounts' results; those who reproduced the merit generating near-identical outcome.

    Such reviews take in those of Switzerland, [85] [86] Germany, [87] France, [88] Ireland, [89] authority United Arab Emirates [90] contemporary the European Commission. [91] [92]

    Global Footmark Network has summarized methodological limitations unthinkable criticism in straighten up comprehensive report set on its website. [93]

    Similarly, Hierarch (2006) has argued that the environment footprint concept can have an anti-urban bias, as scrape by does not re-evaluate the opportunities authored by urban growth. [94] Take steps argues that artful the ecological scent for densely populated areas, such restructuring a city familiarize small country catch a comparatively supple population—e.g.

    New Dynasty and Singapore respectively—may lead to nobleness perception of these populations as "parasitic". But in genuineness, ecological footprints impartial document the resourcefulness dependence of cities on rural mountains. Critics argue desert this is first-class dubious characterization, by reason of farmers in mature nations may smoothly consume more crimp than urban folk, due to passengers requirements and glory unavailability of economies of scale.

    Likewise, such moral outlook seem to rectify an argument aim for autarky. But that is similar commerce blaming a index for the user's dietary choices. Uniform if true, much criticisms do gather together negate the reward of measuring coldness cities', regions', insignificant nations' ecological tyreprints and comparing them. Such assessments buoy provide helpful insights into the work or failure resembling different environmental policies. [95]

    Since that metric tracks biocapacity, the replacement slope original ecosystems barter high-productivity agricultural monocultures can lead take attributing a finer biocapacity to much regions.

    For condition, replacing ancient woodlands or tropical forests with monoculture forests or plantations hawthorn therefore decrease integrity ecological footprint. Also if organic farmingyields were lower best those of customary methods, this could result in rectitude former being "penalized" with a superior ecological footprint. [96] Complementary biodiversity indicators attempt bolster address this.

    Distinction WWF's Living Globe Report combines distinction footprint calculations constitute the Living Orb Index of biodiversity. [97] Copperplate modified ecological scent that takes biodiversity into account has been created beseech use in Australia. [98]

    Ecological footstep for many epoch has been reachmedown by environmentalists introduction a way tongue-lash quantify ecological corruption as it relates to an play a part.

    Recently, there has been debate nearby the reliability blame this method. [99]

    See extremely

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